Explaining patterns and trends in health Essay

There are numerous approaches to gauge examples of sick wellbeing; these incorporate mortality, dismalness, wellbeing occasions, ailment rate, illness predominance and wellbeing observation. These are; Morbidity Rates is what number of people experience the ill effects of the infection at a given time. Death Rates is what number of people bite the dust from experiencing the illness and wellbeing occasions people monitoring medical problems, for example, the NHS giving data about the principle concern. Malady frequency is the opportunity of the individual being analyzed. Infection Prevalence is the means by which the extent of the populace is experiencing the sickness. Wellbeing Surveillance distinguishes early indications of sick wellbeing and approach to forestall and ensure. There are numerous social gatherings which can impact an individual’s wellbeing and way of life both decidedly and contrarily. These are; Gender which is simply whether you are male or female. Age which is the means by which old an individual is the point at which the information is recorded. Social Class which isn't intended to even now be around as we should live in an uncouth society were the class of individuals doesn't make a difference. Hazard Behavior which is sure types of conduct which are demonstrated to be related with expanded weakness to a specific sickness of sick wellbeing. Ethnicity which is the condition of having a place with a specific social gathering that has a typical national or social custom. Territory which is the position or site of something. The orders of social classes are the five class conspire Register Generals Social Class (RGSC) WHICH IS: I †Professional Occupational, II †Managerial and Technical Occupational, III †Skilled Occupational, Manual (M) and Non-Manual (N). IV †Partly â€skilled Occupational and V †Unskilled Occupational. NS-SEC represents the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification which is: 1 †senior experts/ranking directors, 2 †Associate experts/Junior administrators, 3 †Other managerial and administrative laborers, 4-Own record non-expert and 5-Supervisors, specialists and related laborers. 6 †Intermediate specialists, 7-different laborers and 8 †never worked/other latent. In 1980 the dark report was then distributed. It had been commissionedâ approximately 30 years after the establishing of the NHS and gave a critique about how the UK had done in accommodating the wellbeing of its populace. The report reasoned that there was a more unfortunate wellbeing experience for the lower word related gatherings at all phases throughout everyday life. These were; Gender - Men and ladies in occupation class V had over multiple times higher possibility of biting the dust before arriving at the retirement age than those in word related class I. †during childbirth and during the main month of life the danger of death in groups of incompetent laborers was twofold that of expert families. †Boys in class V had a ten times more prominent possibility of kicking the bucket from fire, falls or scowling than those in class I †The contrast between the wellbeing of men and lady demonstrated that the danger of death for men in every social class was twice that for ladies. †Difference in the wellbeing encounters of various racial ethnic gatherings are likewise recognized. Age Health disparity exists in our general public and despite the fact that they influence various territories they are interlinked. Acheson (1998) said ‘health disparities influences the entire society and can be recognized from embryo to old age’ Locality From the dark report I can see that were you live can influence your odds for getting a sickness or malady. We find that passing rates for CHD for those conceived I the Indian sub-mainland were 38% higher for men and 45% higher for ladies than rates inside the UK. Social Groups The wellbeing hole among rich and poor in the UK has extended since 1980 and class is the fundamental center of imbalances any place they are recognized. They found that the logical proof backings a financial clarification of wellbeing disparities which are brought about by components, for example, salary, training, work, condition and way of life. The report made three key proposals to the legislature. These are; †All approaches are probably going to affect wellbeing ought to be assessed as far as their effect on wellbeing imbalances. †A high need ought to be given to the wellbeing of families with youngsters. †Further advances ought to be taken to lessen salary imbalances and improve the expectations for everyday comforts of poor family units. Dangers of Behavior Consistent demise rates in Europe have arrived at their absolute bottom in the whole history of human culture. The twentieth century has seen an emotional drop in the pace of irresistible ailment, just as th e presentation of treatments for its treatment. Basic reasons for death which have incredibly debilitated, for example, TB and diphtheria were frequently connected to neediness and material deprivation. Ethnicity One of the most significant components of imbalance in contemporary Britain is race. Foreigners to this nation from the purported new Commonwealth, whose ethnic personality is plainly noticeable in the shade of their skin, are known to encounter more prominent trouble in looking for some kind of employment and satisfactory lodging. The various examples and patterns that I include discovered inside my own examination about liquor related passings joins with maturing, Ethnicity, Risks of conduct, Locality, Gender and social gatherings. Sex and Aging Males matured 30 and over are altogether almost certain than females to bite the dust of liquor related causes over 66% of all liquor related passings in the UK (in 2011 were among guys). Guys matured 30 and over were essentially more probable than females o bite the dust from liquor related causes. For both genders, the quantity of alcohol0related passings expanded pointedly from the 25-multi year mature age gathering, expanding to 838 for guys and 411 for females matured 55 to 59. After this age, the quantity of liquor related passings started to decrease consistently for guys over each age bunch diminishing to 92 for those over the age of 85. The decrease across age bunches was progressively slow in females, dropping to 81 in the 85 and over age gathering. 45-49year elderly people men have kicked the bucket from liquor related passing by 32,000 however from females it goes to 14,000. Region Data for Scotland and Northern Ireland are distributed independently. Somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2010 male liquor related demise rates were fundamentally higher in grains than in England. A multi year decrease in male passing rates in ridges implies this distinction is not, at this point critical. The table shows drinking propensities by area in 2012 show individuals over the age of 16 who devours liquor week by week, for example, in the north east individuals who drink up to 3-4 units are 46% contrasted with North West who drink up to 3-4 units are 42%. Social Groups The table shows savoring propensities pregnancy in 2012. Ladies who are pregnant have devoured liquor in the most recent week is 10% contrasted with ladies who are not pregnant and uncertain are 53%. Ethnicity This table shows drinking propensities by ethnicity in 2012 for indi viduals who have drank liquor inside the most recent week is 58% and the individuals who have drank liquor at least five events a week ago is 11%.

Free Essays on Home Land Security

Country Security Current innovation has developed to the point that telephones are convenient. Individuals in a hurry can be arrived at whenever, anyplace, at any rate when their phones work. Landlines consistently work, except for the intermittent tempest, however landlines can't be taken in a hurry. While PDAs are more helpful than landlines, trustworthiness is worth more than comfort. It is genuine PDAs are portable and offer the simplicity of being reached at whenever. In any case, individuals know when they dial a phone guests anticipate that somebody should reply, regardless. Individuals will continually dial a mobile phone until someone answers. There are circumstances when individuals can not (or don't have any desire to) answer their telephone. Individuals with a home landline telephone never experience this issue. Landlines have been around for quite a long time and phone decorums as of now exist to forestall such inconveniences. It is a known standard when calling a landline and no answer is gotten nobody is at home or they would prefer not to be upset. Guests know to leave a phone message with the understanding that somebody will get back with them when they can, rather than calling and calling until somebody at long last answers. While there are no set measures for cells telephones numerous phone organizations do offer across the country significant distance calling for nothing during nights and ends of the week. The night rates for some, phones don't start until 7 or 9 p.m. Nonetheless, land line telephone clients just compensation one level expense for significant distance and it very well may be utilized whenever, day or night. In addition to the fact that cell phone bearers confine calling times, cell specialist co-ops attempt to secure individuals in a drawn out arrangement (or probably they pay the consequences for the telephone and a wide range of shrouded expenses). Land line organizations have no concealed expenses and require no such agreements. Indeed, even without contracts PDAs require a consistent force source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own capacity source with no charging... Free Essays on Home Land Security Free Essays on Home Land Security Country Security Present day innovation has advanced to the point that telephones are versatile. Individuals in a hurry can be arrived at whenever, anyplace, at any rate when their PDAs work. Landlines consistently work, except for the infrequent tempest, however landlines can't be taken in a hurry. While mobile phones are more advantageous than landlines, trustworthiness is worth more than comfort. It is genuine phones are portable and offer the simplicity of being reached at whenever. In any case, individuals know when they dial a phone guests anticipate that somebody should reply, regardless. Individuals will continually dial a mobile phone until someone answers. There are circumstances when individuals can not (or don't have any desire to) answer their telephone. Individuals with a home landline telephone never experience this issue. Landlines have been around for a considerable length of time and phone manners as of now exist to forestall such irritations. It is a known standard when calling a landline and no answer is gotten nobody is at home or they would prefer not to be upset. Guests know to leave a voice message with the understanding that somebody will get back with them when they can, rather than calling and calling until somebody at long last answers. While there are no set norms for cells telephones numerous phone organizations do offer across the nation significant distance calling for nothing during nighttimes and ends of the week. The night rates for some, mobile phones don't start until 7 or 9 p.m. Notwithstanding, land line telephone clients just compensation one level expense for significant distance and it tends to be utilized whenever, day or night. In addition to the fact that cell phone transporters confine calling times, cell specialist organizations attempt to secure individuals in a drawn out arrangement (or, in all likelihood they pay the consequences for the telephone and a wide range of shrouded expenses). Land line organizations have no shrouded charges and require no such agreements. Indeed, even without contracts mobile phones require a consistent force source and required battery changes and charges. Landlines have their own capacity source with no charging...

Creating the Ideal Bedroom According to Feng Shui

Creating the Ideal Bedroom According to Feng Shui Holistic Health Print Creating the Ideal Bedroom According to Feng Shui By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 04, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Perry Mastrovito / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Feng shui, the ancient Chinese art of arranging living spaces, is based on many of the same principles as alternative therapies such as acupuncture. The point of feng shui is to maximize the flow of qi (energy or life force) in the environment for utmost safety and productivity. Being thoughtful about how you arrange and use your bedroom is especially important. Its where you sleep, and adequate amounts of quality shut-eye are vital to health and well-being. If you share your home with a spouse or partner, note that a bedroom with good feng shui is thought to strengthen the bond between a couple and attract love. So for the sake of better sleep and a boost to your relationship, consider these tips for improving the feng shui in your bedroom. Start With Your Bed The ideal bed placement allows you to see the bedroom door while youre in bed without being directly in front of or in line with it. According to feng shui, having a view of the door from bed without being too close to it gives a sense of safety and is conducive to relaxation and sleep. The foot of the bed shouldnt point toward the door either. This is known as the coffin position and puts  the bed in the main path of traffic. If this cant be avoided, a footboard, high bench, or table at the foot of the bed can act as a buffer as long as it doesnt block the view of the door. The head of the bed should be against a wall, but not under a window which could allow qi to flow outside and cause restless sleep. Its best not to place a bed under a structural or decorative beam or ceiling fan either, as this is good for neither physical health nor relationships. If moving your bed isnt an option, feng shui practitioners sometimes recommend hanging a bamboo flute (a special feng shui device) from the beam or fan to offset the effects. If there are two people sleeping in the bed, there should be equal space on both sides of it so each person can get into and out of bed easily. Eliminate or Hide Electronics and Exercise Gear Televisions, computers, exercise gear, or a workspace in the bedroom are thought to distract from rest, symbolize wakefulness, and take up energy. If you have no choice, hide such items as best you can. Place the TV in an armoire or neatly cover it with a cloth, for example, or set up a screen to block your view of that exercise bike or desk. Clear the Clutter According to feng shui, clutter is more than a distracting eyesore. It can block the flow of qi, disturb sleep, and generally prevent things in your life from moving forward. Neatness counts where you cant see it as well. Dont use the space under your bed for storage and keep the inside of your closet tidy and weed out clothes you dont wear periodically. Close the closet door at night. Keep the insides of drawers organized and dont pile books on top of your nightstand or dresser. Relocate Mirrors According to feng shui, if you arent sleeping well, a mirror in your bedroom could be the culprit. Mirrors are thought to bounce energy around the bedroom, which may result in restlessness and amplify worries. Its especially important not to hang a mirror on the wall opposite your bed. Feng shui consultants say this can promote the intrusion of a third party into a couples relationship and possibly encourage infidelity. Be Artful About Artwork Any images you hang on your bedroom walls should be inspiring, uplifting, or relaxing. One of the best places to hang such an image is on the wall opposite your bed so that you see it first thing when you  wake up and the last thing before you turn off the lights to go to sleep. Dont bring sad or upsetting images into your bedroom, or paintings or photographs that feature just one person: This symbolizes solitude. Its also best to avoid images in which a lake, waterfall, or river is the dominant theme. In other parts of the house, water symbolizes money, but in the bedroom, it may promote financial or relationship losses.   Double Up In general, try to  have two of everything you can. Couples should have two (ideally) identical nightstands (one on each side of the bed), for example. Ovals and circles, whether its the shape of your nightstand or the type of accessories you select, are better than furniture and accessories with sharp corners or edges. Select Relaxing and Balanced Paint Colors According to feng shui, warm colors reminiscent of skin tones, such as cream, peach, beige, yellow, coral, tan or cocoa, are ideal on bedroom walls because theyre thought to be soothing. Light blues, greens, and lavenders are considered restful and conducive to sleep. But too many cool colors, such as grays, blues, or stark whites are believed to interfere with relaxation. Aim for a balance of 50 percent warm skin tones and 50 percent cool blues, greens, or lavenders. A Word From Verywell To sum up, if you want to create a bedroom that follows the rules of feng shui, choose a bed placement where you can see the door, hide clutter and gear, get rid of mirrors, choose restful artwork, have two of everything, and select calming paint colors.

Is Online School Right for My Teen

Many teens have been incredibly successful in learning online. But, others have fallen behind in credits and motivation, causing tension at home and stress in family relationships. If you’re grappling with the difficult decision of whether or not to enroll your child in a distance learning program, these three considerations may help. Feasibility Before enrolling your teen in an online school, ask yourself: â€Å"Will this be a workable situation for our family?† Realize that distance learning means your child will be at home during the day. Having a stay-at-home parent can be a great asset, especially if your teen needs supervision. Many parents enroll their teenagers in an independent study program due to poor behavior, only to find that the behavior is much worse when the teen has full reign in an unsupervised home. Even if their behavior is not an issue, consider your child’s other needs. Generally, distance learning programs are not able to provide the full range of programs that traditional schools offer. If your child needs extra tutoring in Algebra, for example, will you be able to hire someone to help or provide the assistance yourself? Also, don’t underestimate the need for your own involvement in a distance learning program. Parents are often responsible for monitoring their child’s work and participating in regular meetings with teaching supervisors. If you’re already bogged down with responsibilities, helping your teen find success through distance learning may be overwhelming. Motivation In order to be successful with a distance learning program, teens need to be independently motivated to do their work. Consider whether or not your teen will be able to stick to his studies without a teacher looking over his shoulder. If a teen is doing poorly in school because he is not motivated to turn in work, chances are that the work won’t get done at home either. Before enrolling your teen, determine if it is reasonable for you to expect him to stay focused on school for several hours a day, without someone to guide him. Some teens are not developmentally ready for such responsibility. If you feel that your teen is up to the challenge, be sure to discuss the option of using a distance learning program with your child. Often teens are more motivated to do the work if the change in schooling is their idea. However, if you have decided that online schooling is best, discuss the reasons with your teen and listen to what he has to say. Work together to set the rules and terms of the arrangement. Teens that feel forced into leaving traditional school or feel that online learning is a punishment often become unmotivated to do their assignments. Socialization Socializing with friends is a huge part of high school and an important part of your teen’s development. Before deciding to enroll your child in an online school, take a look at the ways socialization is important to your child, and begin to think of ways that you can meet this need outside of traditional school. If your child relies on sports for a social outlet, look for sporting programs in the community that your teen can be a part of. Allow time for your teen to meet with old friends and make new acquaintances. Clubs, teen programs, and volunteerism can be great ways for your child to socialize. You may also want to consider joining a network of distance learning students and parents. If you are choosing distance learning as a way for your teen to get away from a negative peer group, be prepared to offer replacement activities. Put your teen in situations where he can meet new friends and discover new interests.

The One Thing to Do for World History Argumentative Essay Topics

The One Thing to Do for World History Argumentative Essay Topics How to Choose World History Argumentative Essay Topics When the writer gets familiar with the topic they can piece together their findings which best represent the intention of the paper. Afterwards, the greatest action to do is to narrow the subject down according to the guidelines offered by your professor. You may start with an introductory paragraph. If you wish to compose the essay yourself, we believe it would be best to pick a universal subject or issue. Think of the subject of the history essay you've already written before. If you would like to compose a superior history essay you'd better pick a topic that is familiar to you. The topic ought to be quite controversial once you are writing an argumentative write up. It is the most important thing for an essay. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. Following that, writers would need to have the ability to take a very clear stand on what they think is right regarding the issue till they begin writing their arguments. Once you receive a task done from us you will return again if you need assistance with another one of your essays. Every time you demand quick assistance by means of your task, contact on-line expert writing service which could prepare an argumentative essay on the subject you prefer. If you are feeling unsure at any time, you should go for low-cost essay writing services readily available online as opposed to risking for any error. There are a lot of reasons why you must prefer our services. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. The Appeal of World History Argumentative Essay Topics There are lots of assortments of topics based on the subject you would decide to compose a paper. You need to be quite sure in regards to the notion that you would like to expand on. Your topic idea ought to be something you'll be able to complete in a timely matter and offer interesting information for readers. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too large. Perhaps you still must understand more about the way to compose a history paper. It is an impossible task to write a fantastic history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about in any way. From time to time, however, it can be a bit difficult to locate a topic and even more interesting sub-topic to investigate and compose a whole paper on. If you are searching for some controversial topics for research paper, you've reached the appropriate page. New Ideas Into World History Argumentative Essay Topics Never Before Revealed The function of the USA has been integral in the evolution of the digitally advanced connected world. Some say that it's Germany due to their invasion of Belgium. Some historians feel that Japan was on the brink of surrender even though others argue an invasion of Japan would have been an inevitable bloodbath. World History Research Papers involve an amazing quantity of information. World History Argumentative Essay Topics - Dead or Alive? Your language selection will be contingent on this issue. In case it means doing a couple of revisions, don't hesitate to achieve that. Below, it is possible to also locate a list of good topics that you are able to use if you like them. Write a list of ideas you've got or a list of things you're interested in. You may easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely tough to write. Doing sports in college ought to be mandatory. You might need to search on the internet or check out magazines that announce such contests from time to time.

The Science of Shopping Free Essays

Caution! An anxietytriggers in your brain signaling the entry of new arrivals in the mall, an outcry for shoppers all around to come to the mall and buy the latest stuff designer/manufacturers have to offer claiming it is only a limited stock variety. The customer scout out the shop which is the most crowded considering it has the best to offer, he/she move in start sweeping by the items, trying to find what reflects your style and communicates your attitude towards the observers. The customers perceive what your fellow shoppers are purchasing or showing interest in and compare their selection with your choice and taste. We will write a custom essay sample on The Science of Shopping or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thesis statement: The purchasing behavior in the united states in America and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The different ways of how they purchase and make their decisions while buying things. What modes they use? Body: The most common trend in the United States is that most of the people go out and window shop. They waste their time doing nothing, just hang out with friends and family and go through most of the shops and end up buying in small quantities. Most of the American society believes in online shopping. Then why do the women in Saudi Arabia have to stay in some constraints while going out for shopping? Thus in the Saudi Arabia the buying behavior of the female gender is totally different when it comes to clothes. They have to stay within the constraints they are living in. According to Norton â€Å"the mall is a favorite subject for the laments of cultural conservatives and others critical of the culture of consumption. † (Norton, 105) However in America there are no such limits. People can buy whatever they want. They have no constraints. Therefore this is the main difference in the buying behavior of both the countries. One can see people of different buying behavior, different race, and different cultures in the shopping malls. Do the people in Saudi Arabia believe in window shopping? Or do they prefer window shopping? For the people of Saudi Arabia window shopping is wastage of time. KSA shopping style is more related to direct item shopping, the customer shops what the customer want and leave, spend time skipping shops, but as soon as the customer get what he wants he leave. Thus in America the uying behavior is rational. The main focus of the American buyer is the features and benefits of the product. Therefore the retailer has to keep in mind different things. As the mall is a public place and people from different parts of the world come there, so it becomes offensive for the public, if the retailer or any customer brings up or says anything which offends any race or culture. According to Norton â€Å"Controversial displays, by stores or customers or the plethora of organizations and agencies that present themselves in the open spaces of the mall, are not permitted. (Norton, 105) Thus they should be careful while putting anything on display keeping in mind that the mall is a public place and there are some limits and boundaries they should keep in mind. Conclusion: The purchasing of behavior totally depends on our culture and belief system. The sellers and retailers display things according to the want and culture of different people. They study their behavior and make alternations accordingly. It is the consumer who tells the seller or retailer how to attract them. The make and provide products for every gender and age of the society. KSA shopping has displays of the most expensive and fancy stuff hanging as a customer grabber. They even put up gold plated items in display to grab the customer by need or greed. USA shopping has displays with new arrivals as well as old running stock, their display of attention gathering is purely based on shoppers intention, whether they want to buy it or not,. The retailer can’t force a customer to shop at your place. This shopping trend shows well known respectable brands have the most sales because of trust. How to cite The Science of Shopping, Papers

Torn by David Massey Essay Example

Torn by David Massey Essay Torn is about a British woman named Elinor (Ellie) Neilson. She joins the army and becomes a medic. After basic training Ellie is sent to serve in Afghanistan. While in Afghanistan she becomes friends with three soldiers Yugi, Gizmo, Chip and Husna. Ellie learns to appreciate what she has now because she knows that she may not have it tomorrow. Ellie is put in charge of Husna. Husna is an Afghan boy about the age of 11 who is involved with a group of boys who fight the Taliban and the British Army. This group of children call themselves the Young Martyrs. The British Army captured him and are questioning him to find out more about the strange events happening. Throughout the book Ellie tries to become friends with Husna so he feels comfortable talking. Ellie is making a lot of progress making friends with Husna , but when the US Navy Seals come to the British base Husna gets angry. The Navy Seals have come with a secret mission that they have received straight from the general. Torn is very multicultural throughout the book and has many life lessons. One of the lessons is not to judge a person from where they come from. Ellie could have just saw Husna as a bad Afghan boy but instead she looked past his race. She saw him as a young boy, it even reminded her of her own younger brother. Another multicultural experience is that Hammed an Afghan police office would not look at Ellie because she is a girl. In the United States of America this is uncommon we do not have that type of sexism. One last example is, the book takes play in Afghanistan with British soldiers. This is multicultural because the reader gets to see what Afghan culture is like. The reader gets to see some of their customs, beliefs and about their language, and how it differs from the British culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Torn by David Massey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Torn by David Massey specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Torn by David Massey specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Torn is very eventful and lively. It has a slow start but when you get to the middle of the book it goes by so fast. Towards the end you will not want to put it down. Torn

Free Essays on MLK Had A Dream

Martin Luther King Jr. had a dream. A dream of freedom, of complete brother hood, the true American dream, the dream of full equality. King was one of history’s most influential leaders of racial justice. King organized marches, speeches, and much more to motivate the Africans of America to fight for their rights. His political philosophy and strong beliefs helped lead our nation to the racial justice we have today. King speaks of the American dream in almost every speech. This American dream is a dream of total equality, a society in which whites and blacks could live side by side, work together, fight together, and attend school together. King was not like the other civil rights leaders of his time. He used a nonviolent approach that involved many sit-ins and harmless protests. He had a set of steps that he would use when organizing a nonviolent direct action campaign. The following steps were used in the Birmingham campaign. â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action.† (King-390). After several arrests for demonstrating without a permit, King’s Birmingham campaign was launched. This campaign was a series of rallies in Birmingham, Alabama that led up to the Civil Rights Act. During the campaign, King spent 11 days in jail and wrote the famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† On May 10th, the Birmingham agreement desegregated restaurants, stores, and jails. King starts his letter by saying â€Å"While confined here in the Birmingham city jail†(King-389). Thi s is important because King is making a strong point right away in his letter. He is saying they threw me in jail for what I believe and I am okay with that because I am standing up for what I believe in. He is also saying I am making a sacrifice for the cause of human rights and yet you are disputing my purpose for being here in Birmingham... Free Essays on MLK Had A Dream Free Essays on MLK Had A Dream Martin Luther King Jr. had a dream. A dream of freedom, of complete brother hood, the true American dream, the dream of full equality. King was one of history’s most influential leaders of racial justice. King organized marches, speeches, and much more to motivate the Africans of America to fight for their rights. His political philosophy and strong beliefs helped lead our nation to the racial justice we have today. King speaks of the American dream in almost every speech. This American dream is a dream of total equality, a society in which whites and blacks could live side by side, work together, fight together, and attend school together. King was not like the other civil rights leaders of his time. He used a nonviolent approach that involved many sit-ins and harmless protests. He had a set of steps that he would use when organizing a nonviolent direct action campaign. The following steps were used in the Birmingham campaign. â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action.† (King-390). After several arrests for demonstrating without a permit, King’s Birmingham campaign was launched. This campaign was a series of rallies in Birmingham, Alabama that led up to the Civil Rights Act. During the campaign, King spent 11 days in jail and wrote the famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† On May 10th, the Birmingham agreement desegregated restaurants, stores, and jails. King starts his letter by saying â€Å"While confined here in the Birmingham city jail†(King-389). Thi s is important because King is making a strong point right away in his letter. He is saying they threw me in jail for what I believe and I am okay with that because I am standing up for what I believe in. He is also saying I am making a sacrifice for the cause of human rights and yet you are disputing my purpose for being here in Birmingham...

Using the Indirect Object Le With Certain Spanish Verbs

Using the Indirect Object Le With Certain Spanish Verbs Although le is typically used as an  indirect object pronoun in Spanish, it doesnt always seem that way to English speakers: The two languages dont always treat pronouns alike, so there are some situations where an English verb takes a direct object but the Spanish equivalent uses an indirect object. In many cases, it doesnt make a difference whether an object is direct or indirect, because in the first and second persons the two types of pronouns are identical. Me, meaning me, for example, can be either a direct or indirect object. But the difference matters in the third person, where in standard Spanish le (meaning him, her, you, or less commonly it) is used as the indirect object but lo or la is the direct object. (Be aware that there are regional variations in this usage.) Verbs of Pleasing and Displeasing Verbs used to indicate that a thing or action pleases someone frequently take le. The most common such verb is gustar, which is often used in translating sentences where we use a different word order to indicate liking: A ella le gusta la comida china. (Chinese food pleases her. This is a literal translation. In real life, the translation she likes Chinese food would usually be used.)La verdad es que no les gusta la verdad. (The truth is that the truth doesnt please them. The truth is they dont like the truth.)Descubrieron que les gustaban las mismas cosas. (They discovered that the same things pleased them. They discovered they liked the same things.) In addition, various verbs similar in usage and meaning to gustar or the opposite are used with le or les. Some examples: agradar: En su nià ±ez, una de las cosas que ms le agradaban era disfrazarse. (In your childhood, one of the things you liked the most was dressing up in costumes.)apasionar: Le apasionaba ser actriz. (She loved being an actress.)complacer: Le complacer ayudarte. (She will like helping you.)desagradar: Le desagradaba irse a su cuarto. (He hated going to his room.)disgustar: Le disgustà ³ mucho la pelà ­cula y se retirà ³ a los 10 minutos. (He hated the film and left after 10 minutes.)encantar: A mi hija le encanta la mà ºsica reggae. (My daughter adores reggae music.)placer: Sà © que mis comentarios no le placen a mucha gente. (I know my comments dont please many people.) Verbs Using Le When the Object is a Person A few verbs commonly use le when its object is a person but not when the object is a thing or concept. For example, with creer, No lo creo means I dont believe it, but No le creo can mean I dont believe him or I dont believe her. In this cases, you can think of what a person believes (or not) as being the direct object, but the person being affected by that belief (or lack) being the indirect object. But in a simple sentence such as No le creo the direct object isnt stated. The same goes for entender (to understand): Lo entiendo. (I understand it.) Le entiendo. (I understand him/her.) Enseà ±ar (to teach) works in a similar way. The subject being taught is represented by a direct object: Lo enseà ±Ãƒ © en la escuela catà ³lica. (I taught it in the Catholic school.) But the person taught is the indirect object: Le enseà ±Ãƒ © en la escuela catà ³lica. (I taught him/her in the Catholic school.) Similarly for obedecer (to obey):  ¿La ley? La obedezco. (The law? I obey it.) But: Le obedezco a mi madre. (I obey my mother.) Other Verbs A few other verbs use le for reasons that arent immediately apparent: Importar (to matter, to be important): A los internautas les importa la seguridad. (Security is important to Internet users.) Interesar (to interest): No les interesaba acumular ni tener propiedades. (They werent interested in accumulating nor having property.) Preocupar (to worry a person): La futura le preocupa. (The future worries him/her.) Recordar (when it means to remind, but not when it means to remember): Voy a recordarla. (I am going to remember her.) Voy a recordarlo. (I am going to remember him.) Voy a recordarle. (I am going to remind him/her.) Key Takeaways Le and les are the indirect object pronouns of Spanish, but they are sometimes used in situations where English uses direct objects.Verbs used to indicate that something gives pleasure or displeasure often use le.Several verbs use le when the object of a verb is a person but lo or la when the object is a thing.

Public Sector vs Private Sector Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Public Sector vs Private Sector - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the evaluation of projects has three key parts: a) the identification of costs, b) the identification of outputs and c) the comparison of the findings related to the previous two phases. In practice, the method chosen for the evaluation of a project can highly variable depending on the project’s targets, the resources available and the environment in which the project was first developed. For example, if the project has been developed in the private sector its evaluation will be based on a method that will be different from those used in the public sector. The specific method of project evaluation is ideal for projects that have both economic and non-economic effects. When the costs involved in a project are difficult to be precisely estimated, then the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis would be preferred. The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis has an important benefit: it gives the chance to choose among alternative projects so that the project related to the lo west costs is identified. The only drawback of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis is the following one: in projects of the public sector, not all costs can be clearly estimated in advance, especially if the project involved is related to a non-economic sector, as, for example, education. A different process for the evaluation of a project can be chosen, taking into consideration the economic and social environment and the project’s targets.  

Visual Arts and Film Studies. Memento 200, Truffauts 400 Blows, Essay

Visual Arts and Film Studies. Memento 200, Truffauts 400 Blows, Casablanca and The Spirit of the Beehive - Essay Example The story is contrasting, as one part of the story in forward motion while the other one is in backward motion. It is refers to as one memory inside the other memory. The movie is a complicated challenging adventure where we see Leonard striving to avenge the death of his wife. This is complicated by the fact he had lost his memory, hence, was unable to recall the way the events took place from day to day. He attacked and took the life of one of the attackers that led to the death of his wife. He can only remember his wife dying from the attack from the gang. Because of this pain suffered inside, he vows continue until he gets the second man who was involved in the killing of his wife. This movie changes from the black and white flow and continues in the sequential order. The two colors coincide at the end of the story in forward and reverse manner. He describes how it is vital to have written notes that constantly remind him of the killers of his wife, written in a part of his arm, John G, the man who raped and murdered his wife. He continues with his narration and tells when he met Sammy during the time he became an investigator. Sammy has a condition that did not pass as mental disorder but he was rather unable to learn by conditioning. The life of Leonard focuses on trying to unravel the truth; this brings him to meet Mrs. Jankis who he tells that Sammy was in a position to come up with new memories. Leonard discuses with the caller, as to why the police did not buy hi story of the attackers that killed his wife. Fortunately, the person whom Leonard was seeking to turned out to be a police officer, and he gives him more clues towards his quest for his killers. Soon Leonard sets up a meeting with Joe at the lobby, who is an undercover police and prefers to be called teddy. The film then continues with the flow in contrast to the first part. Here we see teddy convincing Leonard that jimmy was the man he was looking for in connection to the killing of his wife. Natalie and Leonard go to the house and agree to stay together. She then tricks him to go and beat a man who had harassed her off her money, but before he could do that, teddy warns him of the plans of Natalie, and he leaves her. The truth is slowly becoming known, and in the morning, Leonard leaves and hide in Dodd’s’ motel, beating him senselessly, before calling teddy who persuade him to elope from the country. Leonard decides to spend the night with Natalie, as a thanks giving for helping him get Dodd. Finally, Leonard puts the clues together, and discovers that teddy was indeed the second killer of his wife. In deep aggression, he shoots teddy right in the head. Conc lusion The story reflects the quest for Leonard to find the truth of the death of her wife. He is surrounded by the main culprit, Teddy who tries to derail him in his findings. Leonard despite of his mental condition finds his way and puts clue together to finally know that teddy was the killer. Truffaut’s 400Â  Blows Question 2 This film demonstrates the steps taken by the 12 year old Antoine who was in bad terms with his parents and teachers, is seen descending into delinquency. Antoine is preparing to go to reform school, since the teachers and his parents, plus the squeezed house and classroom imprison him mentally and physically in his village. He often runs to his favorite spot where he hides fro the rest of the people. This leads him to participate in the game of hooky, which takes him to the streets where he enjoys the freedom of moving about far from the authorities. This continues to worsen as he gets more trouble both at home and school. In addition, the more trou ble he creates at

Importance Of Outdoor Recreation

Importance Of Outdoor Recreation Leisure, recreation and tourism are generally viewed as key components in peoples lives (Lynch and Veal 1996). Outdoor recreation brings happiness to people as it gives recreational opportunities to them. Leisure means various things to different people and therefore it consists of many definitions given by many researchers. For instance, Fava(1964) stated that leisure is the time which an individual has free from work or other responsibilities and which may be used for the purpose of relaxation, diversion, or personal development. In contrast, according to Godbey (1999), a leading researcher in the field of leisure education said that leisure is typically related with spare time or situations in which people have the luxury of choice. Sylvester (1999) stated that , it must not neglect the fact that in ancient time, leisure was considered as a luxury and was affordable by affluent people only. Recreation The term recreation is derived from the Latin word of recreatio and recreate which means to refresh and to refresh and to restore (Edginton et al 1995). Examples of outdoor recreation involve: Visiting parks and natural areas. Visiting historical and archaeological sites. Outdoor concerts and festival. Golf and kite flying Forest activities like wildlife safari, camping and tree climbing. Importance of Outdoor recreation Research has shown that outdoor recreation activities undoubtedly contribute positively to one health as well as well being (Boniface 2000; Dickson et al; 2008). Through recreation activities, people get the opportunity to enjoy the natural environment if they are doing adventure activities, interact with other people (Berman Davis-Berman, 1995, 2000). Moreover, study has illustrated that the way life alters with the loss of link which inevitably result to poor lifestyles (Godbey et al; 2005). Nowadays, the new generation mainly children are more likely to be at risks than their parents. Children currently have more possibilities of health problems to such children, such as asthma, obesity, vitamin D deficiency since they have inactive lifestyle as well as lack of physical exercises, consequently, it may lead to cardiovascular, pulmonary and mental health problems in adulthood. Children from poor background are more likely to be away from green space as they have built environment such as bad housing condition, traffic congestion and so forth. Today the world is connected with technological gadgets and children tends to stay more in front of their computers, television, playing video games and after school hours they need to complete their homework therefore youngsters miss the contact with the natural setting, they also miss the chance for stress reduction, healthy development , physical activity and restoration. Motivation for outdoor recreation According to Iso-Ahola (1980), individuals are encouraged through defined objectives as well as rewards which can be either extrinsic or intrinsic. When a particular activity is occupied in to acquire compensation, it is known as extrinsically motivated. In contrast, intrinsically motivated is when a person is self motivated to achieve something or engaged in the activity for its own sake. Moreover, Iso-Ahola thinks that leisure behavior is mainly caused by intrinsic aspects which are linked to self-expression, competence as well as agreement which implies freedom of choice. Nevertheless, recreation choice should not be regarded as unlimited. The ability for individual to choose from a range of recreational activities cannot be compromised due to the fact that individuals motivation to be indulged in a given outdoor recreation is projected in the selection made from various outdoor activities. Furthermore, choice is encircled by many pitfalls such as physical capability, affordability, awareness, time restrictions and family obligations. These limitations differ among people and the demographic, socio-economic and other groups. Demand and Participation Demand is an economic term used in order to illustrate the link that exists between the quantities of a good that people will buy as well as the prices that they will have to pay. In other words, it refers to the ability and willingness to pay for a particular product. The elements of demands are as follows: Effective, expressed or actual demand is the actual number of participants, for instance it reflects the number of people that participate in countryside recreation. The number of people involved in such activity might be expressed per day or per year. Latent or suppressed demand refers to unfulfilled demand. Therefore, it is where an individuals desire to participate has not been fulfilled due to some reason. But if the situation alters such a desire may ultimately become effective demand. However, such demand is not easy to quantify as it relies on peoples wishes and desires as well. When taking into account suppressed demand it can be emphasized that the latter gives rise to two elements namely: deferred demand and potential demand. When reference is being made to deferred demand refers to demand that is unfulfilled due to a lack of amenities, for example, if a large number of people wish to go to the swimming pool but the problem is that if there is no swimming available then this want will be unfulfilled and demand will be postponed until a swimming pool is provided. In contrast, potential demand is demand that is unfulfilled simply because there is a shortage of personal resources such as income or mobility. But, if there is an improvement in terms of personal situation it can undoubtedly be fulfilled in the future. Lastly it can be said that there will be people who will surely prefer not to involve in recreational activities and this is known as no demand. Factors affecting demand for outdoor recreation can be classified into : Demographic characteristics Socio-economic characteristics Situational characteristics Demographic Characteristics In terms of demographic characteristics there are several factors that affect the recreation preference and it includes age, sex, marital status and family diversity. Research has shown that young male who are single are more likely to involve in outdoor recreation and even if they are married they are unwilling to have children (Booth, 1989; Genet 2001; Booth Peebles, 1995). These participants are really interested in their education and they inevitably want to get well paid jobs. Socio -economic characteristics Price From an economists perspective, price is considered to be a key factor in determining price as customers decision but the price of leisure is complicated with regards to many other products. For example, a normal product consists of a single price but while comparing it to the price of leisure activities it is different as it consists of separate elements such as the valid nature of the leisure, other price like costs of transport, parking, equipment, clothing and accommodation might be charged. Economists stated that as leisure involves time, therefore the opportunity cost of that time in terms of its possible earning power should also be included in the list mentioned above. According to Gratton and Taylor (1985) he argued that the price of a product affects demand in two different ways. First and foremost, the average cost of participation which involves all types of costs such as entrance fee, equipment and so forth might affect demand in terms of decision making to involve in the activity. Thus, the higher the average cost, the lower the participate rate. Secondly, marginal cost is the cost that has an impact on the frequency of participation. For example, in association with leisure activities there may be fixed costs involved like membership fee, buying of equipment and so on. Income Income can be viewed as a feature that enables people to buy a leisure product. Research has shown that in the second half of the nineteenth century there has been a drastic change with regards to income growth. It was then that the development of mass leisure started and simultaneously there was a constant increase of income and this has definitely an impact on growth of leisure. Affluent people have always enjoyed their leisure; therefore it can be made crystal clear as income increases people will surely have more leisure. Situational characteristics Time Self-employed people generally have better control concerning their time plan and these people are more likely to have more leisure time. Mobility Car ownership has increased dramatically because the income of people has risen and cars are more affordable to buy and run. If a person does not possess a vehicle, therefore he or she might be disadvantaged in terms of site, journey, timing and duration of the trip. External factors affecting demand for outdoor recreation are: Recreational opportunity is highly dependent upon availability and accessibility of recreation sites. Thus, the nature of recreation sites as well as availability will surely rely upon several things such as carrying capacity, ownership, distribution, quality, access and degree of development. These reflect three important elements which consist of economic, behavioral and political. Hence, it helps both private and public sectors in terms of good decision making with regards to recreation provision. While making decision to visit any particular recreational sites, accessibility is considered to be a key element in influencing participation. Moreover, how crucial it is, as an element in decision making in influencing the what and where of recreation involvement is explained by Chubb and Chubb (1981:153) : People participation will increase if all other external and personal factors support participants, however if the site is not accessible it might certainly be a problem. Recreation travel behavior While going to any particular site for recreation, distance is really important and for most movement, a distance-decay effect can be known so that the power of interaction diminishes as distance increases. In this context, if a recreational site consists of greater distance and involve more effort and time, might not be supported by participants. But, not all activities are time consuming as it relies on the types of activities that one is taking part in. The impact of longer distances will be negative to some extent as the more a person travel, he or might be tired and found it to be unpleasant. On the other hand, such effect may be encouraging in situation where a person is travelling by cruise. The latter may enjoy and the longer the distance the greater the desire to extend it. Recreation choice behavior Forecasting of recreation behavior would have been taken into account if more was known with regards to factors influencing decision-making to attitudes, motivations and perceptions. This would be very helpful as it would explain: Why some sites and activities are suitable; Why some recreational firms are failures while others are satisfied by participants; Why and how alternative recreation are ranked. The recreation alternative process is influenced by peoples perceptions of what recreational opportunities are available. Natural environments as recreation settings Driver et al. (1987) demonstrates that natural surroundings are really crucial in attaining the preferred result from leisure. Research conducted in Colorado have shown that participants like to enjoy mostly in nature, therefore, natural environment plays an integral role in achieving the result as well as satisfaction required from involvement in certain forms of recreation. According to Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), participants satisfaction is associated with natural settings through integration mind and body in the leisure activity. Hence, environmental aspect beyond doubt is considered to have a dominant influence on recreation behavior and this has first derived from gurus like Schreyer et al. (1985), he propose that the most helpful demonstration of the environment for the explanation of behavioral choice is considered as important. They also stated that people are more likely to explore the natural environment location which will undoubtedly allow them to behave in the ways they wish and consequently this will enable them to achieve a desired cognitive state. Thus, the theory that recreation experiences are closely linked to recreation location is fundamental with regards to the notion of the recreation opportunity spectrum.

International Involvement

International Involvement Several significant events took place from 1890-1905 that involved the United States, particularly the United States becoming more involved in international affairs. The United States has been a major player in world affairs over the last two centuries. In the years following its War of Independence, its policies tended to be isolationist, but over the centuries it has transformed, mainly by trade and economic imperatives, into a superpower that exerts military, economic and cultural domination over much of the rest of the world.This paper will outline two major events occurring from 1890-1905. Treaty of Paris 1898 The first meeting for the Treaty of Paris occurred on October 1, 1898 when officials from Spain and the United States congregated in Paris, France. The intent of the meeting was to generate an agreement, or treaty that would put an end to a war, also known as the Spanish American War. The American officials present at the meeting were the Honorabl e Whitelaw Reid, Senators George Gray, William Frye and William Day (Library of Congress, 2010).The outcome of the meeting resulted in Spain receiving 20 million dollars from the United States in exchange for possession of the Philippines. Along with the Philippines being placed under American control, the United States also gained power over Guam and Puerto Rico. The meetings took place over a nine day period and the Treaty of Paris was finalized and signed on December 10, 1898 (Library of Congress, 2010). Venezuelan Boundary Dispute 1895-1899Although most may relate the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute to December 17, 1895, when the United States president at the time Grover Cleveland submitted a letter to Congress practically declaring war on Venezuela, the Dispute essentially initiated in 1841 when Venezuelan officials claimed British military was approaching Venezuelan land with intention of taking possession. The main reason for this was in 1814 Great Britain gained control of Guya na by signing a treaty with the Netherlands without a definite western boundary (Pike, 2010).In result, the British hired a man named Robert Schomburgk, who was a well-known and well respected surveyor, to clarify how far the boundary of the land that the British owned. The survey that Robert Schomburgk conducted in 1835 resulted in an additional 30,000 square miles of ownership for the British (Pike, 2010). This additional territory was later named the Schomburgk Line. However, Venezuela argued the results of the survey in 1841 and claimed that its borders extended as far east as the Essequibo River, which meant that Venezuela was claiming nearly two-thirds of British territory.Years later after gold was discovered in the Schomburgk Line by Britain, Venezuela contested the ownership of the area in 1876, and asked the United States for assistance in the matter, referring to the Monroe Doctrine as rationalization for United States involvement. The Monroe Doctrine (referring to former United States President James Monroe) stated if European countries attempt to unfairly overtake land the United States would view the action as a requirement for United States military involvement (Yale Law School, 2008).The request for United States involvement continued for the next 19 years, but received little response from the United States. The United States finally became involved in 1895 when Secretary of State Richard Olney delivered a letter to British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury, ordering the British settle in court the boundary dispute. Lord Salisbury responded by arguing that the Monroe Doctrine did not apply throughout the world.In December 1895, President Grover found the Prime Minister’s response unacceptable and requested Congressional approval for a boundary commission, which would serve as a â€Å"final deciding panel,† and requested that the United States do whatever is necessary to enforce the findings of the commission (Pike, 2010). Congress ag reed to do so and rumors of War with Britain began to erupt in United States newspapers throughout the country. Once rumors of War circulated in Great Britain Lord Salisbury eventually agreed and submitted his argument of the land to the appointed panel and did not mention anything else of the Monroe Doctrine.Venezuela submitted its dispute as well with the confidence of the outcome favoring Venezuela. Then on October 3, 1899 the panel decided in favor of Great Britain and the Schomburgk Line (Pike, 2010). Although Venezuela was disappointed in the decision and did not necessarily agree with the decision, it did not appeal and, more important, revealed to the world that the United States possessed power throughout the world. Conclusion As previously stated, several significant events occurred from 1890-1905, but more important, the events that took place before and after that time have lso affected the current power status of the United States military and how the world views the Un ited States as a nation. In addition to events such as the Treaty of Paris and the Venezuelan Boundary Dispute, the United States has shown throughout history that not only can the United States accomplish endeavors by employing military force, but it can also assist other countries in solving disputes acting as a logically thinking and fair third party.References Library of Congress. (2010, July 15). Treaty of Paris 1898. Retrieved from http://www. loc. gov/rr/hispanic/1898/treaty. html Pike, J. (2010). Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895-1899. Retrieved from http://www. globalsecurity. org/military/ops/venezuela1895. htm Yale Law School. (2008). Monroe Doctrine; December 2 1823. Retrieved from http://avalon. law. yale. edu/19th_century/monroe. asp

The Little Albert Experiment, By John B. Watson And Mary...

The Experiment Sierra North Kaplan University The Experiment What do Psychologists’, little boys, a hammer, and rabbits have in common? Sounds a tab bit disturbing, but in the world of psychology experiments were absolutely necessary to prove the theory. Everyone has a fear, but the question is, how did that fear come to be? Can you cure fear? These are some of the questions that John B. Watson and Mary Cover Jones hope to answer The little Albert Experiment According to Schultz and Schultz (2012), the little Albert Experiment was an example of stimulus generalization. This experiment was conducted by John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. John B. Watson showed evidence of Classical conditioning in his experiment with little Albert. As Mr. Watson began to show the child a series of objects, one of which included a rat. The child showed no signs of fear. Once John B. Watson felt he could â€Å"condition a child to fear another distinctive stimulus which would not normally be feared by a child† he introduced a hammer. This hammer was used to startle the child every time he saw the rodent. This was continued until little Albert would see the rodent and instantaneously cry. (Schultz Schultz, 2012) The procedures in this experiment were Classical conditioning and Stimulus generalization. The elements of Classical conditioning in this experiment were utilized to manipulate the emotions. 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Financial position of jetblue airways corporation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4564 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Executive summary In this report, the financial position of JetBlue Airways Corporation, a low-fare, low-cost passenger Airline Company serving the US market, is studied in order to provide recommendations to the company with regards to its investments plans. By the year 2003, the company is intending to support its growth through the acquisition of several new aircraft over the coming 13 years. The company will thus need a high capital expenditure to support those acquisitions, as well as several related investments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial position of jetblue airways corporation" essay for you Create order For the purpose of this study, a SWOT analysis of JetBlue as by its position in June 2003 is performed. A background research is conducted in order to assess how other airline companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions and other investments, and in a broader aspect, study the specificities of their financial structures. The different financing alternatives available to the company are presented and studied in relation to the financial position of the company. A non-financial analysis of the debt and equity options is conducted, in order to assess the relevance of each of those options with regards to all areas of the business other than finance. The outcomes of those analyses are combined and a recommendation is issued to the Chief Financial Officer of JetBlue: It is recommended that the company issues common stock in order to finance the needed investments in the second half of 2003. In a longer-term perspective, it is recommended to the company to use leases an d secured debt for the upcoming aircraft acquisitions when favorable terms are available to the company, and to finance the remaining parts of the investments through cash generated from operations and through issuance of new equity, in order to compensate for the increasing financial and operational risks of the company. Problem Definition JetBlue Airways Corporation is a low-fare, low-cost passenger airline company serving the US market. The company completed an IPO in April 2002, around two years after it was founded. JetBlue has had a successful business model and strong financial results during that period, and performed well in comparison to other airline companies in the US during the period between 2000 and 2003. The company, as by July 2003, is seeing several opportunities to grow by adding new markets and new flights to existing destinations. To accomplish this growth, the company is seeking to purchase 65 new Airbus A320, with an option to buy additional 50 ones, and also committed to purchase 100 Embraer E190 aircraft, with the option to purchase 100 additional ones. The company needs thus to think about a way to finance those acquisitions, as well as other needed investments such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. John Owen, the Chief Financial Office r of JetBlue, is in charge of finding the best financing scheme for the company. The problem facing John Owen is twofold: First, he needs to finance the acquisitions planned for the second half of 2003. Indeed, for the period from July 1 to December 31, 2003, the company has committed to purchase 8 Airbus A320 aircraft, for a total amount of $305 million to be paid in 2003 (Exhibit 8). The company is generating cash from its operating activities that amounted to $129,725 thousand for the first half of 2003, and already generated $238,989 thousand from financing activities (Exhibit 6). This will cover for part of this capital expenditure estimated at $570 million for 2003 (Exhibit 9). So John Owen needs to finance the remaining part of this capital expenditure. Second, John Owen needs to think about a long-term financing strategy. Indeed, JetBlue is committed to the purchase of 207 additional aircraft for a total amount of $6.86 billion over 8 years. Owen has to think about the best capital structure for the company and thus the best financing strategy for JetBlues investments, including the aircraft acquisitions and the related investments. SWOT Analysis Strengths The first strength of JetBlue is its founding teams background. Indeed, the company was founded by a veteran in the low-fare airline industry, backed by a group of private equity firms. The management of the company has also the expertise of leading a publicly held company, following the IPO in 2002. The company has a successful business model and exhibits strong financial results, as well as strong revenue growth despite the downturn in the industry following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Thus, JetBlue is a perceived as a solid and growing company by the investors. The low operation costs of JetBlue are one of the most important strengths of the company. The company is utilizing aircraft efficiently generating more revenue per plane. The company is also operating one type of aircraft, the Airbus A320, thus lowering maintenance and training costs and spare parts needs. The workforce of JetBlue is non-unionized and does not benefit from strict work regulations. The distribution costs of JetBlue are also low. Indeed, the company does not provide any paper tickets. The company operates only new airplanes, thus minimizing maintenance costs and offering a good â€Å"flying experience† to its customers. The company also benefits from its reliable on-time performance, comfortable airplanes, and friendly flying personnel to attract and secure its customer base. The company serves densely populated cities in underserved airports, with high fares. This strategy helps the company capture market share in these segments. The company is financing its existing aircraft through secured debt and operating leases, on favorable terms. Those financing possibilities are still available for the company for additional aircraft purchase. Weaknesses A considerable weakness of JetBlue is its small size. The company is operating 42 aircraft, for 73 flights per day and annual revenues of $635 million. The company can probably not rely on its personnel loyalty, due to the non-advantageous working conditions and regulation. The company is operating only one type of airplane, the Airbus A320. This represents a weakness for the company as well. Indeed, the planes have the same age and might all suffer at the same time from an eventual recurrent technical problem on this type of aircraft, which should be catastrophic for the company. JetBlue does not have a line of credit, or short-term borrowing facility. Therefore, the company depends on its operating cash flow to finance its short-term and working capital obligations. The balance sheet of the company also needs to be strengthened. JetBlue also faces one of the airlines principal risks which is the rising fuel price. The company is spending a considerable amount of money in hedging for fuel prices volatility. In addition, as the company is relatively consuming low volumes of fuel, it can suffer from significantly higher prices in case of fuel shortage. JetBlue is a levered company. With a short-term debt of $26,580 thousand and a long-term debt of $731,740 thousand as by June 2003, and equity of $480,594 thousand, the companys leverage ratio is 157.8%, whereas the industry average is around 129.46% (Infinancials). Opportunities Internal The purchase of the new 100-seat Embraer E190 aircraft would allow JetBlue to enter smaller markets while maintaining low operating costs, and increase flight frequency on existing routes. The private placement of convertible debt proposed by JetBlues investment bankers would provide sufficient capital at relatively low interest rates. JetBlue is a fast growing company, and should thus bear having less debt. The company has thus the opportunity to raise additional equity. External The low fares offered by JetBlue would allow it to attract new passengers who might otherwise not fly. The mid-sized market that JetBlue intends to enter will represent a new opportunity for growth to the company. By expanding its activities, the company will purchase larger volumes of jet fuel and would thus have more leverage in procuring fuel than today. The company will thus suffer relatively less from fuel shortages. Threats Internal The company is intending to grow and become an airline company â€Å"like the others†. JetBlue might thus lose its advantages from being low-cost, small and highly profitable. The company is clearly departing from its strategy, which has been the source of its strengths up to 2003. JetBlue plans to purchase a new type of aircraft, the Embraer E190. This is again a departure from the companys initial strategy which is to operate only one type of aircraft. JetBlue might thus incur higher maintenance and training costs, higher spare parts and engines costs, and some negative impact on the maintenance scheduling. JetBlue plans to increase its aircraft fleet from 45 to 252. In addition, the company plans to invest in other domains such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. This represents a very big investment and thus a consequent threat for the company. Such an investment will let the company more exposed to financial distress and raises the question of the management ability to cope with such a rapid expansion. The company board members are very concerned about dilution. There is a threat that they will not support John Owen, the CFO, if he recommends to raise new equity capital. With the rapid expansion of the company, the jet fuel expenses, as well as the cost of their hedging will grow rapidly. The company will be more exposed to both the fuel price volatility and the growing cost of hedging it. As the company will get bigger, with higher manpower, those might want to be unionized. External The fuel price is also an external factor due to its non-predictable volatility. JetBlue plans to be the launch customer for the new Embraer E190 aircraft. Although this allowed probably the company to have a price discount, it is also a threat. JetBlue might be exposed to technical and/or non-technical problems that have been not detected by the manufacturer or other users of the jet. The reason for the company to go public was to wean off its dependence on the venture capital and private equity industries. Issuing private debt securities represent a threat for JetBlue as this might lock back the company to such private investors. In addition, those investors and the private investors in general might not be interested by the eventual convertible debenture issued by the company. JetBlue is a small client of Morgan Stanley, the investment bank in charge of proposing financing alternatives for the company. Morgan Stanley might thus charge heavily JetBlue, and/or try to bias the companys choice for its benefit. The competition from other low-cost and regular airline companies which might try to counter JetBlues expansion. The revenues of the company and its growth aspirations are subject to the economic conditions. An economic downturn or additional terrorist attacks might impact negatively JetBlues ability to finance its debt obligations. The company will also have to secure additional airport gates which will represent a threat for the company in case it cannot negotiate advantageous conditions as with underserved airports. The alternatives In order to finance the acquisitions planned for the remaining part of 2003, JetBlue received two financial propositions from the investment banks. The first alternative is to issue additional 2.6 million shares at an estimated $42.50 per share. JetBlue will thus be able to raise up to $110.5 million. The fees and commissions of the bank for this proposal amount to $3,591,250 which represents a cost of 3.25%. The second proposal from the investment banks is to issue $150 million in a private placement of convertible debentures. The debentures will be a 30-year convertible debt with a coupon rate of 3.5%. In addition, the debt will be convertible into shares of JetBlue at $63.75 per share, which represents a conversion rate of 15.6863 shares per $1,000 principal amount of notes. The notes will be unsecured obligations and will rank equal in right of payment with all other unsecured debt. Currently, all of JetBlues debt is secured. The bank will not charge any additional fees for this alternative. JetBlue can consider some other alternatives as well. Indeed, the company can issue some preferred stock. This stock might be considered as equity in accounting, to strengthen the balance sheet of the company, but will at the same time accommodate the board members concern about dilution. This preferred stock option might however fail to attract investors. Another alternative might be the issuance of simple corporate bonds. The coupon rate for those will however be higher than the 3.5% of the convertible bonds. This option will thus cost more for JetBlue than convertible bonds, especially before the companys shares price eventually exceeds $63.75. Issuing public corporate bonds will have higher cost for the company as well. Indeed, those need to be ranked by some ranking agencies and will have higher coupon rates (Exhibit 12). Two other alternatives exist for JetBlue, for the aircraft acquisitions financing: The operating lease and the secured debt (each acquisition debt is secured by the acquired aircraft). Those two options are available for JetBlue at advantageous conditions. Thus, the alternatives that will be retained for the remaining of the analysis are the operating lease and secured debt for the aircraft acquisitions, and the equity issuance and the convertible private bonds for the acquisitions and the other investments. Background Research Some background research has been performed in order to assess how other airline companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions and other investments, and in a broader aspect, study the specificities of their financial structures. This study included some regular as well as low-cost airline companies. British airway, for example, is financing its aircraft acquisitions through debt, all of which being asset related. The group is principally using finance leases and hire purchases contracts to acquire aircraft (British Airways Annual Report 2010, p.104). Delta Airlines, on its side, is using pass-through certificates to finance aircraft (Delta Airlines Annual Report 2010, p.34). In addition, the company has $5.2 billion of loans secured by 287 aircraft (Delta Airlines Annual Report 2010, p.72). United Continental Holdings has a high amount of obligations, including debt, aircraft leases and financings (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.53). A substantial portion of the companys assets, principally aircraft, are pledged under various loans and other obligations. The company also uses secured notes, equipment notes, pass-through certificates and multiple financings secured by certain aircraft spare parts, aircraft and spare engines (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.55). United Continental Holdings also raises cash from issuance of common stock (United Continental Holdings Annual Report 2010, p.56). The low-cost airline companies seem to be, on their side, more conservative. Indeed, EasyJet is adopting a conservative capital structure policy, including a liquidity target of  £4 million cash per aircraft, and a 50% limit on net gearing (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p.9). All of the companys debt is asset related (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p.85). The company holds 62 aircraft under operating leases and 8 aircraft under finance leases, out of 196 total aircraft, principally Airbus (EasyJet Annual Report 2010, p. 87). RyanAir, another low-cost airline company, has a fleet of 232 Boing 737-800s. The company makes its firm-order purchases through a combination of bank loans, operating and finance leases and cash flow generated from the companys operations (RyanAir Annual Report 2010, p.42). Both RyanAir and EasyJet exhibit a capital structure that relies less on debt than the regular companies counterparts, as illustrated by the following table: (2010), In Millions BritishAirways Delta Airlines United Continental Holdings EasyJet RyanAir JetBlue LT debt 3698 13179 11434 1084,6 2690,7 731,740 ST debt 811 2073 2411 127,4 265,5 26,580 Equity 1494 897 1727 1500,7 2848,6 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 75,11% 94,45% 88,91% 44,68% 50,93% 61,21% Equity / Equity+Debt 24,89% 5,55% 11,09% 55,32% 49,07% 38,79% It is important to mention that some small airline companies choose to issue bonds for their investments as well. SpiceJet, an Indian airline company operating to Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Goa and Delhi issued in 2005 foreign currency convertible bonds worth $90 million to fund aircraft acquisitions (IndiaAviation, 2005). All in all, airline companies are using both debt and equity (together with other financing means, including cash flows generated from operations) to raise money. In its ‘Airlines return to capital markets article, David Knibb (2009) summarizes the ways several companies found financings: Lufthansa, Air-France KLM, British Airways, Air Canada, Australias Virgin Blue, Avianca and Indian carrier Kingfisher all issued bonds during 2009. AMR used private lenders to borrow money. Some other companies, smaller, chose to issue shares: SAS, Virgin Blue, AirAsia, Kingfisher, and Icelandair. From this study, it appears that the majority of airl ine companies are financing their aircraft acquisitions, apart from using cash flow generated by operations, through debt, either leases or secured debt. Other investment needs are financed either through debt or equity, depending on the companies. However, a common trend to low-cost companies seems to be their conservative financial structures, in comparison to bigger, regular airline companies. Financial Analysis of the Alternatives As per June 2003, JetBlue Corporation has a short-term debt of $26,580 thousand, a long-term debt of $731,740 thousand and equity of total $480,594 thousand (Exhibit 5a). In order to compute an average interest rate for the company, data from 2002 are used: The interest expenses for this year equaled $10,370 thousand (exhibit 4), for a total long-term debt of $690,252 thousand (Exhibit 5a), thus an interest rate of 1,5%. The tax expenses as per June 2003 are of $40,188 thousand for a total earnings before tax of $95,503 thousand (exhibit 4), thus a corporate tax rate of 0.42. From exhibit 1, the JetBlues equity beta during the period from April 2002 to June 2003 is 0.69. As per the data from Exhibit 5a for June 2003, the financial structure of the company was as follows: LT debt 731,740 ST debt 26,580 Equity 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 61,21% Equity / Equity+Debt 38,79% From the Hamadas formula, we can compute the unlevered beta of JetBlue as follows: Beta(u)=Beta(l)/[1+(1-T)*(Wd/We)] With Beta(l)=0.69, T=0.42, Wd=61.21 and We=38.79 Thus Beta(u)=0.36 In addition, from exhibit 12, the Treasury bill interest rate as of June 30, 2003 is 1.09%, this will be used as the risk-free rate of return. Assuming a market rate of return 9 points higher than the risk-free return, we can use the WACC spreadsheet in order to estimate the financial structure of JetBlue that minimizes the WACC of the company: Appendix 1. It turns out that the company has an optimal financial structure, minimizing its weighted average cost of capital, following those estimated figures. Any of the two options, either the convertible debt or the equity, will probably pull the financial structure from its current optimal position. For the first alternative, the convertible debenture, the coupon rate of this bond is 3.5%, for a total amount of $150,000 thousand. The weighted average cost of debt for JetBlue, if they issue such bonds, will be: [(3.5%*150,000)+(1.5%*731,740)]/(150,00 0+731,740), thus 1.84%. The financial structure of JetBlue will be as follows: LT debt 881,740 =731,740+150,000 ST debt 26,580 Equity 480,594 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 65,40% Equity / Equity+Debt 34,60% Using the WACC spreadsheet, we can see the companys financial position with regards to the optimal financial structure of JetBlue following the new cost of debt: Appendix2. If JetBlue chooses the debt option, the financial structure of the company will no more be the one offering the minimal WACC. The same analysis can be done for the second alternative. Following the shares issuance, the financial structure of JetBlue will be as follows: LT debt 731,740 ST debt 26,580 Equity 591,094 =480,594+110,500 Capital structure Debt / Equity+Debt 56,20% Equity / Equity+Debt 43,80% Using the WACC spreadsheet, we can see the companys financial position with regards to the optimal financial structure of JetBlue following the raise in equity: Appendix3. From this analysis, it can be noted that JetBlue will still have a financial position that minimizes the companys weighted average cost of capital, thus maximizing the overall value of the companys stock. It can be concluded, from a financial point of view, that the best alternative for the investments planned for 2003 is the equity issuance. Non-Financial Analysis JetBlues passenger revenues knew a steady growth from 2000 ($101,665 thousand) to 2002 ($615,171 thousand). The revenues are forecasted to continue to grow up to a level of $1,796.9 million in 2005 (Exhibit 9). This revenue stability and expected high growth provide a strong confidence to JetBlue in its ability to meet its financial obligations, thus having the opportunity to issue either debt or equity. The companys assets amount to $1,565,322 thousand as per June 2003. Those assets are principally composed by operating property and equipment, which are pledged under the operating leases and secured debt of the company. If JetBlue chooses to finance its future aircraft acquisitions by debt, the acquired aircraft can be used to secure the corresponding debt. JetBlue, as any airline company, incurs very high fixed costs due to its high value operating property and equipment. The company has thus a very high operating leverage and is greatly exposed to the risk of cash flow pro jections errors in case it does not meet the projected revenues figures. Any variation in the estimated revenues, might lead the company to a position where it could not meet its financial obligations related to debt. From this point of view, JetBlue needs to secure its cash flows. As stated earlier, the company revenues knew a high growth for the precedent years and are expected to continue growing steadily. This high level of growth allows the company to rely on equity. JetBlue is a profitable company, in comparison to peers, as stated in the following graph: Industry FORMULAE 2002 Average 2010* PROFITABILITY Gross margin % Gross margin / Revenues 13,81% Operating Margin Operating income / Revenues 17,07% Return on sales Net income / Revenues 8,93% 2.28% ROA Net income / Assets 3,98% 1.48% ROE Net income / Equity 13,24% 6.08% Revenues 615171,000 COS or Cost of revenues 530204,000 Gross margin 84967,000 Operating income or profit 104987,000 net income or profit 54908,000 assets 1378923,000 Equity 414673,000 From Infinancials JetBlue exhibits good levels of gross margin and operating margin. Furthermore, the companys return on sales, return on assets and return on equity are higher than industry averages and the company can be said to be quite profitable in comparison to company peers. This offers some flexibility to the company to rely on debt. JetBlue has a high level of tax rate (0.42), this allows the company to have an even lower cost of debt and offers the company the advantage of being able to rely more on debt in order to minimize its weighted average cost of capital. All of the companys debt is secured. In addition, the company does not have any line of credit, or short-term borrowing facility. The company does therefore not have any control restrictions or obligations towards its creditors. The shareholders of the company are on their side very concerned about any dilution. This fear of losing the control of the company limits the possibility of the CFO to issue new equity. Th e founding and managerial team of JetBlue is issued from the airline industry. They are used to manage a highly leveraged and public company. They should thus have a positive attitude towards high levels of debt. They should be able to deal with the opposite aspect (issuing more equity) as well. JetBlue does not need any rating agency for the issuance of the bonds, as those are private. The alternative of issuing public bonds has been eliminated as this one will incur higher costs for the company. The lenders of the company seem on their side to have a positive attitude towards the company, which should be able to issue additional secured debt for its aircraft acquisitions with advantageous conditions. The company has been performing well in the recent years. However, many major US air carriers struggled between 2000 and 2003, and some of them filed for bankruptcy protection. The market is impacted by a general economic slowdown caused partly by the terrorist attacks of Septem ber 11, 2001. The market is also subject to big variations depending on several unpredictable factors, like political stability, weather conditions, natural disasters, terrorist attacks etc. All of this calls for some financial conservatism for the airline industry. The internal stability of JetBlue will probably continue to hold, unless the company faces some financial distress, or if the shareholders are no more supporting the management team. From a short-term point of view, John Owen might lose the shareholders support if he goes for equity issuance. From a mid to long-term point of view, he might as well negatively impact the internal stability of the company if he is not conservative enough to avoid any financial distress situation. The debt offering will afford JetBlue less financial flexibility, especially due to the jet fuel prices. If fuel prices rise, this will incur less operating income and thus some difficulties to the company to meet its additional debt service payments. Owen has also to review his hedging strategy of the fuel prices volatility: If the company chooses to hedge more of its fuel consumption, it will incur much higher hedging costs. If on the contrary the company chooses to reduce hedging costs, it will be more exposed to financial distress when the prices increase. Conclusion: The best solution JetBlues market capitalization can be estimated at around $3.12 billion (74,423,693 * $41.98) as per June 30, 2003. The company is intending to grow heavily in the following years, and has plans to acquire 207 new aircraft for a total $6.86 billion up to 2011, with an option to acquire additional 150 aircraft for $5 billion by 2016. This rapid and costly expansion cannot be financed solely through cash flows from operations and common stock issuance. The best alternative for such acquisitions is the combination of leases and secured loans. Indeed, those financing means are common in the airline industry, are those which offer the lowest cost (JetBlue has favorable terms), the leases offer the flexibility to JetBlue to exit the contract in case of difficulties, and the debt does not represent a high risk for the company as it is secured by the aircraft. The companys management and shareholders will also be comfortable and supportive of such financing scheme. JetBlue migh t however not have favorable terms for all of those acquisitions. The company will need to invest in other domains as well, such as spare parts, new engines, additional hangars and a flight training center. For all of those other needed investments, the company can of course rely partly on its cash flows from operations. For the remaining part, and to provide the company with some financial flexibility (to finance its hedging costs and deal with any distress situation to meet its debt obligations), the company needs to issue new equity. Indeed, JetBlue is facing several risk factors with this growth strategy: There is first the increasing fuel prices risk, as the company is getting bigger and is consuming more and more jet fuel. Second, the company is departing from its initial strategy: new markets, bigger size, increasing risk of workforce disloyalty, new types of aircraft†¦ Third, there are the common market risks: political stability, weather conditions, natu ral disasters, terrorist attacks etc. JetBlue needs thus to compensate for those risks by being financially conservative. The company needs to protect itself from any financial distress situation by keeping a balance between debt and equity. In addition, and mainly because of its low beta, the company has the benefit of having a very â€Å"cheap† equity. My recommendation would be the following: For the capital expenditure needed in the remaining part of 2003, JetBlue should issue common stock. To support this option, John Owen can argue with the board that this option is the one that minimizes the companys weighted average cost of capital, thus maximizes the overall stock price of the company and the shareholders wealth. This option will also provide the company with more financial flexibility, allowing it to rely more easily and with favorable conditions on debt for its upcoming acquisitions. For the coming years, and for those upcoming acquisitions, JetBl ue should rely primarily on leases and secured debt. Those are the more favorable options for the company in all aspects. The company has however, each year, to support some of those acquisitions and the other needed investments, first with cash generated from operations, but with equity issuance as well. The company, for each year, needs to compensate its increasing level of debt by issuing new equity, first to maintain an optimal capital structure, and second to compensate for the companys financial and operating risks.